WhatsApp as a disinformation platform:
Case study of the Brazilian presidential elections
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v9.3519Keywords:
Desinformation, Fake news, 2018 Brazilian presidential elections, Jair Bolsonaro, WhatsApp, Brazil, Social NetworksAbstract
The next presidential elections in Brazil will take place in October 2022. It’s important to reflect on what happened in 2018 to avoid that the disinformation disseminated on social networks does not play a fundamental role in the democratic process again. This research verifies the degree of disinformation in content shared in family groups on WhatsApp related to the 2018 Brazilian presidential elections. After analyzing 393 contents with some level of disinformation concerning political issues, it was concluded that most material corresponds to a combination of parody or satire and fabricated content. It was corroborated that the dissemination of misleading content on WhatsApp during the elections was part of the campaign strategies of the winning candidate.
Downloads
References
Ab’sáber, T. (2015). Dilma Rousseff e o ódio político. Hedra.
Arnaudo, D. (2019). Brazil: Political Bot Intervention During Pivotal Events. In S. Woolley & P. N. Howard, Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0007
Bardin, L. (1977). Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70.
Bârgăoanu, A., & Radu, L. (2018). Fake News or Disinformation 2.0? Some Insights into Romanians’ Digital Behaviour. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 18(1), 24-38.
Benites, A. (2018). A máquina de ‘fake news’ nos grupos a favor de Bolsonaro no WhatsApp. El País Brasil. https://bit.ly/3e1HvaV
Canavilhas, J., Colussi, J., & Moura, Z. B. (2019). Desinformación en las elecciones presidenciales 2018 en Brasil: un análisis de los grupos familiares en WhatsApp. El profesional de la información, 28(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.03
Castells, M. (2012). Redes de indignación y esperanza: los movimientos sociales en la era de internet. Alianza Editorial.
Colussi, J. (2020). Desinformación, política y religión: Un análisis de los contenidos compartidos por WhatsApp durante la campaña presidencial de Brasil en 2018. RISTI - Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, E35, 477-489.
Costa, A. G. (2021). Pesquisa Ipec: Lula tem 48% das intenções de votos; Bolsonaro, 21%, e Moro, 6%. CNN Brasil. https://bit.ly/3IUpNo5
Fioratti, G. (2018). No WhatsApp, eleitores compartilham ódio, xenofobia e notícias falsas. Folha de S.Paulo. https://bit.ly/33FIGLh
Fuchs, C. (2013). Social media: A critical introduction. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270066
Golob, T., Makarovi, M., & Rek, M. (2021). Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation. Comunicar, 66, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09
Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2016). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016. Pew Research Center Journalism & Media. https://pewrsr.ch/3yBAbMx
Herring, S. (2010). Web content analysis: Expanding the paradigm. In J. Hunsinger, L. Klastrup & M. M. Allen (Eds.), International Handbook of Internet Research (pp. 233-249). New York: Springer Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9789-8_14
Ituassu, A., Capone, L., Firmino, L. M., Mannheimer, V., & Murta, F. (2019). Comunicación política, elecciones y democracia: las campañas de Donald Trump y Jair Bolsonaro. Perspectivas de la comunicación, 12(2), 11-37. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48672019000200011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48672019000200011
Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Sage.
Kammerer, B. (2018). Les infox. Sciences Humaines, 309, 20-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/sh.309.0009
Maranhão Fº, E. M. de A., Coelho, F. M. F., & Dias, T. B. (2018). Fake news acima de tudo, fake news acima de todos: Bolsonaro e o kit gay, ideologia de gênero e fim da família tradicional. Revista Eletrônica Correlatio, 17(2), 65-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15603/1677-2644/correlatio.v17n2p65-90
Mello, P. C. (2020). A máquina do ódio: notas de uma repórter sobre fake news e violência digital. Companhia das Letras.
Mello, P. C. (2018). Empresários bancam campanha contra o PT pelo WhatsApp. Folha de S.Paulo. https://bit.ly/33tCPZg
Nunes, P., & Sousa, J. B. (2018). Jornalismo, mídia e poder: o processo de impeachment e o contexto pós-Dilma. Revista Latino-americana de Jornalismo, 5(2), 9-16. http://doi.org/10.21204/2359-375X/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2359-375X.2018v5n2.42854
Oliveira, G. M. de, & Veronese, M. V. (2019). The “Bolsonaro Phenomenon” Brazil’s: A Preliminary Analysis. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales, 64(237), 245-267. https://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.237.68273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.237.68273
Shah, N., & Kumar, L. (2018). False Information on Web and Social Media: A Survey. Arxiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.08559.pdf
Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change. Foreign Affairs, 90, (1), 28-41.
Silverman, C., & Singer-Vine, J. (2016). Most Americans Who See Fake News Believe It, New Survey Says. BuzzFeed News. https://bit.ly/30F5YQm
Tandoc Jr., E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2017). Defining Fake News. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
Venturini, L., & Pimentel, M. (2018). Por que Bolsonaro mantém discurso do ‘kit gay’ mesmo desmentido. Nexo Jornal. https://bit.ly/3E13MQB
Vieira, C. C., Melo, P.F., Vaz de Melo, P.O.S., & Benevenuto, F. (2019). O Paradoxo da Viralização de Informação Criptografada no WhatsApp. In XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (pp. 403-416). SBC. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7375
Vizeu, A., Rocha, H. C. L. da, & Cardoso, L. C. F. (2018). O impeachment do jornalismo: clima de opinião e manipulação ideológica no golpe contra Dilma Rousseff. Revista Latino-americana de Jornalismo, 5(2), 81-99. http://doi.org/10.21204/2359-375X/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2359-375X.2018v5n2.42862
Volkoff, V. (2000). Pequena História da Desinformação: do cavalo de Tróia à Internet. Editorial Notícias.
Wardle, C. (2017). Fake News. It’s Complicated. Medium.com. https://bit.ly/3J9BZBw
Wardle, C. & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In C. Ireton & J. Posetti, Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation (pp. 43-54). UNESCO.
Wardle, C. (2018). 5 Lessons for Reporting in an Age of Disinformation. Medium.com. https://bit.ly/3mdNAWk DOI: https://doi.org/10.32388/649948
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Those authors who publish in this journal accept the following terms:
- Authors will keep the moral right of the work and they will transfer the commercial rights.