The popularity of Biden and Trump in the United States and Latin America during the 2020 campaign

A study through Google Trends

Authors

  • Víctor Cerdán-Martínez
  • Sergio Bárcena
  • Daniel Villa-García

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62161/revvisual.v16.5211

Keywords:

Donald Trump, Joe Biden, politics, United States elections, YouTube, Google, Google Trends

Abstract

Donald Trump and Joe Biden disputed an atypical electoral campaign marked by the Covid-19 pandemic and high impact social and racial conflicts. Even though, there are several articles that have studied the determining factors of the democrat leader’s victory, none has analyzed the effects of the electoral campaign on the internet. This article renders an analysis on Trump’s and Biden’s popularities and their evolution on Google and YouTube during the 2020 presidential campaign in the United Stated and a few Latin American countries: Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela and Chile.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelhay, N. (2012). “The Arab uprising 2011: new media in the hands of a new generation in North Africa”. Aslib proceedings: New Information perspectives, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 529–539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00012531211263148

Abdulaev, N & Shomron, B. (2020). Celebrity Politicians as Health-Promoting Role Models in the Media: The Cases of Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, and Benjamin Netanyahu. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09383-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09383-3

Arceo, C. (2021). Aestheticization of violence and politics of perception. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/al2289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL2289

Babul, F. (2011). Crisis del espacio público y estetización de la política: hacia una nueva democracia audiovisual. Comunicación y Medios, 0(20). https://doi.org/10.5354/0716-3991.2009.15014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5354/0716-3991.2009.15014

Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J (2010). “My FaceTube Politics: Social Networking. Websites and Political Engagement of Young Adults”. Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 24–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309334325

Bennett, W. Lance. (2012). “The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 644, No. 1, pp. 20–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212451428

Bokelmann, B., & Lessmann, S. (2018). Spurious patterns in Google Trends data - An analysis of the effects on tourism demand forecasting in Germany. Tourism management, 75(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.015

Cerdán Martínez, V., & Padilla Castillo, G. (2019). Historia del fake audiovisual: deepfake y la mujer en un imaginario falsificado y perverso, Historia y comunicación social, 24 (2), 505-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66293

Chadwick, A., O’Loughlin, B., & Vaccari, C. (2017). “Why People Dual Screen Political Debates and Why It Matters for Democratic Engagement”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Vol 61, No. 2, pp. 220-239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309415

Cohen, D. & Anderson S. (2021). A Visual Language. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Delicado, A. & Rowland, J. (2021, May 7). Visual representations of science in a pandemic: COVID-19 in images. Front. Commun. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.645725 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.645725

Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2020). “Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence From Russia”, Econometrica, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 1479-1514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA14281

Frimpong, K., Nkrumah, A., Ping, L., Nyame, G., & Altab, H. (2020). “The Impact of Social Media Political Activists on Voting Patterns”, Political Behavior. Available https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-020-09632-3

Guerrero, E. (2018). La fuga de los millennials de la televisión lineal. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 73, 1236-1241. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1304

Golovchenko, Y., Buntain, C., Eady, G., Brown, M. A., & Tucker, J. A. (2020). Cross-Platform State Propaganda: Russian Trolls on Twitter and YouTube during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 194016122091268. doi:10.1177/1940161220912682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220912682

Google (2020). Google Trends.

https://trends.google.es/trends/?geo=ES

Gueorguieva, V. (2007). Voters, MySpace, and YouTube. Social Science Computer Review, 26(3), 288–300. doi:10.1177/0894439307305636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307305636

Honderich, H., & Dissayanake, S. (2020). Kamala Harris: The many identities of the first woman vice-president. BBC. 8 november.

Howard, P., & Parks, M. (2012). “Social media and political change: Capacity, constraint, and consequence”. Journal of Communication, Vol. 62, No.2, pp. 359–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x

Kavka, M. (2019). From the “Belfie” to the Death-of-Me: The Affective Archive of the Self/ie. In J. Riquet & M. Heusser (Eds), Imaging identity. Text, mediality and contemporary visual culture (pp. 35-59). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org.10.1007/978-3-030-21774-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21774-7_2

Kinder, M. & McPherson, T. (Eds.). (2021). Transmedia frictions: The digital, the arts, and the humanities. University of California Press.

Klotz, R. J. (2019). Deleveraging Creative Capital. International Journal of E-Politics, 10(1), 1–11. doi:10.4018/ijep.2019010101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEP.2019010101

Konrad, A. M. (2018). Denial of racism and the Trump presidency. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 37(1), 14–30. doi:10.1108/edi-07-2017-0155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-07-2017-0155

López-Villanueva, J (2011).“La reconfiguración de la cadena de valor. En: Álvarez-Monzoncillo, José-María. La televisión etiquetada: nuevas audiencias, nuevos negocios. Barcelona: Ariel, pp. 9-31. ISBN: 978 84 08 09870 6

Losiggio, D. (2018). Sobre las antinomias historia vs. memoria y estetización vs. politización: identificación de un prejuicio “ilustrado” sobre la política contemporánea. In ¿Qué hay de política en la filosofía? (pp. 135–150). Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvn96gf7.9

Mahroum, N., Bragazzi, N., Brigo, F., Waknin, R., Sharif, K., Mahagna, H., Amital, H., Watad, A. (2018). “Capturing public interest toward new tools for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exploiting data from Google Trends”. Health informatics journal, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 1383-1397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458218766573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458218766573

Malhotra, C. (2015). “Role of Social Media in Promoting Transparency in an Open Government Era in SAARC countries with Special Reference to India”, International Journal of Digital Law and Data Law, Vol 1, pp.99-122. Available: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235040338.pdf

McSwiney, J., Vaughan, M., Heft A. & Hoffmann, M. (2021) Sharing the hate? Memes and transnationality in the far right’s digital visual culture. Information, Communication & Society, https://doi.og/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1961006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1961006

Meeks, L. (2021). When two become one? Examining Kamala Harris and Joe Biden’s campaign themes from primary to general election. Presidential Studies Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12759

Mikołaj, K., Igor, Ł., & Wojciech, M. (2019). Global internet data on the interest in antibiotics and probiotics generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 8(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030147

Millepied, B. (Director). (2020). Dance of Dreams [Film]. Sony/ATV Harmony.

Minkus, L., Deutschmann, E., & Delhey, J. (2018). A Trump Effect on the EU’s Popularity? The U.S. Presidential Election as a Natural Experiment. Perspectives on Politics, 1–18. doi:10.1017/s1537592718003262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718003262

Mirzoeff, N. (2011). The right to look: A counterhistory of visuality. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822393726

Mirzoeff, N. (2017). The appearance of Black Lives Matter. NAME Publications.

Mishaal, D.A., & Abu-Shanab, E. (2015). The Effect of Using Social Media in Governments: Framework of Communication Success. ICIT 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15849/icit.2015.0069

Monahan, C., Lytle, A., Apriceno, M., Macdonald, J., Inman, E., Levy, SR (2020). Endorsement of Stereotypes of Older Adults, Older Men, and Male Leaders Predict Expected Job Performance, Voting Stance, and Voting Intentions in the 2020 US Presidential Election. Analysis of social issues and public policy. DOI: 10.1111/asap.12219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12272

Morris, D. S. (2017). Twitter Versus the Traditional Media. Social Science Computer Review, 36(4), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317721441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317721441

Newbury, D., Rizzo, L., & Thomas, K. (2020). Women and photography in Africa: Creative practices and feminist challenges. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003087410

Niburski, K., & Niburski, O. (2020). Impact of Trump’s promotion of unproven COVID-19 treatments and subsequent internet trends: Observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e20044. https://doi.org/10.2196/20044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/20044

Prother, M. (7 de enero de 2021). «Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials». Business Insider (en inglés). Consultado el 11 de enero de 2021.

Puertas-Hidalgo, R. J., & Romero-Mora, K. (2019). Facebook: plataforma de comunicación para líderes políticos de Venezuela. Caso de estudio: Nicolás Maduro y Juan Guaidó. Redmarka. Revista de Marketing Aplicado, 23(3), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2019.23.3.5884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2019.23.3.5884

Quintanilha, L., Souza, L., Sanches, D., Senos-Demarco, R., & Ferreira-Fukutani, K. (2019). The impact of cancer campaigns in Brazil: a Google Trends analysis. Ecancer medical science, 13(963), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2019.963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2019.963

Sánchez, A. T. (2021). Entre la continuidad y la novedad:: la política exterior de estados unidos hacia Venezuela en la era Trump. In El legado de Trump en un mundo en crisis (pp. 469–490). Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales. CLACSO. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2v88dkw.23

Sanderson, Z., Brown, M. A., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2021). Twitter flagged Donald Trump’s tweets with election misinformation: They continued to spread both on and off the platform. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-77

Rodríguez-Serrano, A., García-Catalán, S. y Martín-Núñez, M (2019). Estrategias narrativas audiovisuales de desinformación en YouTube de la nueva extrema derecha europea. El profesional de la información, 28(3), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.11

Rosario, A., y Quintana, L. (2010). De la estetización de la política a la comunidad desobrada. Revista de estudios sociales, 35, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.7440/res35.2010.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7440/res35.2010.05

Shi, L. (2021). Viewing Joe Biden’s victory speech in 2020 from the perspective of language metafunction. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 4(7), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.7.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.7.12

Shumilina I. (2020) “Arab Factor” in American Elections: Between D. Trump and J. Biden. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, vol. 64, No 10, pp. 64-73. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-10-64-73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-10-64-73

Slutsky, P., & Gavra, D. (2017). The Phenomenon of Trump’s Popularity in Russia: Media Analysis Perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(3), 334–344. doi:10.1177/0002764217693281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217693281

Spyer, P. (2021). Orphaned landscapes: violence, visuality, and appearance in Indonesia. Fordham Universities Libraries. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1t1kf84

Toro González, S., & Pérez-Curiel, C. (2021). Populismo político en tiempos de COVID. Análisis de la estrategia de comunicación de Donald Trump y Boris Johnson en Twitter. Revista de Comunicación de La SEECI, 54, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2021.54.e700 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2021.54.e700

Ungureanu, C. (2015). Aestheticization of politics and ambivalence of self-sacrifice in Charlie Brooker’sThe National Anthem. Journal of European Studies, 45(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244114553767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244114553767

Vaccari, C, Chadwick, A., & O'Loughlin, B. (2015a). “These days we watch debates on two screens: TV and social media. And that’s good for democracy”. The Washington Post. Avaliable:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/12/15/these-days-we-watch-debates-on-two-screens-tv-and-social-media-and-thats-good-for-democracy/

Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A., & O'Loughlin, B. (2015b). “Dual screening the political: Media events, social media, and citizen engagement”. Journal of Communication, Vol. 65, No. 6. pp. 1041–1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12187

Verstappen, S. (2021, January 14). Hidden behind toilet rolls: visual landscapes of COVID-19. Focaal: Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology. https://bit.ly/3JKqdgw

Vilela, R. (2021, May 19) A collective of Latin American photographers tell the stories of their countries during the pandemic. The Washington Post.

Villa-Gracia, D., & Cerdán, V. (2020). Evolución de la popularidad de Donald Trump y otros mandatarios internacionales en Google Trends (2016-2019). El profesional de la información, 29(1), e290212. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.12

Wagner, M., Macaya, M., Hayes, M., Rocha, V (2020) Electoral College vote affirms Biden’s win. CNN. December 15, 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/electoral-college-vote-2020-biden-trump/index.html

Waisanen, D. J., & Becker, A. B. (2015). The Problem with Being Joe Biden: Political Comedy and Circulating Personae. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 32(4), 256–271. doi:10.1080/15295036.2015.1057516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2015.1057516

Published

2024-04-10

How to Cite

Cerdán-Martínez, V., Bárcena, S., & Villa-García, D. (2024). The popularity of Biden and Trump in the United States and Latin America during the 2020 campaign: A study through Google Trends. VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review Revista Internacional De Cultura Visual, 16(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.62161/revvisual.v16.5211

Issue

Section

Research articles